Government of Kerala
Myristica Swamps of Kerala
Myristica swamps are unique freshwater swamp ecosystems found in select regions of the Southern Western Ghats, including Kerala. These unique habitats, dominated by Myristica species—a genus of primitive, evergreen trees—are ecologically significant for their biodiversity, water conservation, and carbon sequestration.
The existence of these swamps was first documented in the 1960s by botanist and forest officer Krishnamurthy in areas like Kulathupuzha, Shendurney, and Anchal in the Travancore forests. They were later classified as “wild swamps” in the 1968 Revised Survey Report on Forest Transitions in India by Champion and Seth, which highlighted their ecological importance as sparsely forested, waterlogged areas.
Myristica swamps are primarily found in low-lying evergreen forest areas that remain waterlogged throughout the year due to recurring floods. The trees here, such as wild nutmeg species (e.g., Undapain, Chorapain, and Kothapain), exhibit unique adaptations to survive in swampy conditions. They possess stilt roots for structural support and pneumatophores (breathing roots) with air spaces to facilitate respiration in oxygen-poor environments.
Although Myristica swamps cover just 0.004% of Kerala’s total land area, they are critical biodiversity hotspots. They harbor 16.3% of the endemic species of the Western Ghats, including several rare and endemic species adapted to freshwater swamps. Notable Myristica swamp areas in Kerala includeKulathupuzha, Shendurney, Arippa, Madathara, Ammayambalam Pacha, Sasthamnada, Venkolla, Palode, Yechukulam, Katamankode, Anchal etc.
Despite their ecological richness, Myristica swamps face threats from habitat destruction, developmental activities, and climate change. Conservation of these swamps is vital, as they not only support diverse life forms but also maintain ecological balance, act as natural water reservoirs, and protect local livelihoods.
These habitats are a living link to the ancient history of the Western Ghats and demand special protection efforts to preserve their ecological legacy for future generations.